Nadmi
- Kraj:Polska
- : Język.:deutsch
- : Utworzony.: 06-10-15
- : Ostatnie Logowanie.: 06-06-25
: Opis.: Mythos Brunhild: In Friedenszeiten, als es keine Kriege gab, hatten die Walküren nichts zu tun - also verwandelten sie sich in schöne Schwäne und stiegen auf die Erde, zu Sterblichen. Es war einmal so, wie Brunhilda, die schönste der Walken, es tat. Sie beschloss, im irdischen See zu baden, und versteckte sich im Wald. Dort warf sie Federn ab, verwandelte sich in eine Frau und betrat den Pool nackt. Ein vorübergehender König bemerkte sie. Er schlich sich heran und stahl ihre Federn, ohne die sie sich nicht wieder in einen Schwan verwandeln könnte. Indem er ihr sagte, er müsse ihm im Kampf helfen, sonst würde er ihr nicht die Federn geben, zwang er sie, gegen den königlichen Feind zu kämpfen. Als Odin erfuhr, dass Brunhilda ohne seine Erlaubnis gekämpft hatte, war er wütend. Um Brunhilda zu bestrafen, stach er sie mit einem magischen, schläfrigen Dorn. Als sie einschlief, stellte der Gott sie in ein Schloss, um das er riesige Flammen entzündete. Die tapfere Kriegerin namens Sygurd hat Brunhilda gerettet, aber sie hat ihre Macht verloren. Von nun an war sie eine gewöhnliche Frau. Sie sollte für immer in Walhall bleiben, wo sie gefallene Krieger begrüßen und ihnen dienen musste. Mit o Brunhildzie : W czasie pokoju, kiedy nie było wojen, walkirie nie miały co robić – zamieniały się więc w piękne łabędzie i schodziły na ziemię, do śmiertelników. Pewnego razu tak właśnie uczyniła Brunhilda, najpiękniejsza z walkirii. Postanowiła wykąpać się w ziemskim jeziorze, więc skryła się w lesie. Tam zrzuciła pióra, zmieniła się w kobietę i naga weszła do sadzawki. Przechodzący nieopodal król zauważył ją. Podkradł się i ukradł jej pióra, bez których nie mogła na powrót zamienić się w łabędzia. Mówiąc jej, że musi pomóc mu w bitwie, w przeciwnym wypadku nie odda jej piór, wymusił na niej przystąpienie do walki z królewskim wrogiem. Kiedy Odyn dowiedział się, że Brunhilda stanęła do walki bez jego pozwolenia, był wściekły. Aby ukarać Brunhildę, ukłuł ją magicznym, usypiającym cierniem. Kiedy zasnęła, bóg umieścił ją w zamku, wokół którego rozpalił ogromne płomienie. Dzielny wojownik imieniem Sygurd uratował Brunhildę, jednak przez to straciła ona swą moc. Odtąd była już zwykłą kobietą. Miała na zawsze pozostać w Walhalli, gdzie musiała witać poległych wojowników i im służyć. Walküren. >
: Data Publikacji.: 10-05-25
: Opis.: Walküren - übernatürliche weibliche Wesen, mächtige Himmelskrieger. Die die in der nordischen Mythologie auftauchen. Normalerweise dargestellt als schöne Kriegermädchen, die geflügelte Pferde mit Speeren und Schilden reiten. Die Walküren sind schöne, junge und jungfräuliche Frauen, die in Form von Kriegern und manchmal dämonischen Webern oder Schwänen auftreten. Entsprechend ihres Status wurden sie als angemessene Krieger gekleidet und stiegen mit wilden Pferden auf das Schlachtfeld herab. Ihr Attribut als Weber waren ziemlich ungewöhnliche Webstühle, bei denen menschliche Köpfe die Funktion von Gewichten, Bijaderschwertern und Schilfpfeilen ausübten, während der Faden durch menschlichen Darm ersetzt wurde. In einer späteren Tradition, die dämonische Krieger mit Odin verband, sollten sie Ehalherjerri-Kriegern in Walhalia dienen, die täglich kämpften, Honig einschenken und Wildschweineintopf servierten. Darüber hinaus jedoch bestimmten die Valkyries das Schicksal der Kämpfer und sendeten den Tod, dieses Leben, Niederlage ist Sieg. Sie waren die Gefährten und Wächter der Krieger, sie halfen ihnen, Ruhm zu erlangen, was jedoch unwiderruflich mit dem Tod verbunden war. Sie erschienen normalerweise dem Helden und gaben ihm die Wahl - sei es ein langes Leben, aber durchschnittlich oder kurz, aber herrlich. Sie versprachen Hilfe in Schlachten. Alphabetische Liste der Walküren: Valkyries: Brunhilda Gondula Gudrej Gunn Herfjoturr Hildre Hladgunnr Hlokk Hřištěm Nebel Olrun rota Sigrdrifa Sigrun Skagull Skeggjald Skuld Svafa Thrud Madziga Der Mythos von Sigdrif. > Mythos Brunhild: > Der Mythos von Olrun. >
: Data Publikacji.: 09-05-25
: Opis.: Wykopaliska wokół Bramy Isztar, 1938 rok. Brama w Babilonie, wzniesiona za panowania króla Nabuchodonozora II i poświęcona była bogini Isztar. Była ona północną bramą miasta, otwierającą tzw. drogę procesyjną, która ciągnęła się aż do E-sagili – świątyni boga Marduka. Obiekt tworzyły w zasadzie dwie bramy połączone przejściem, czyli był to tzw. obiekt bramny, składający się z czterech wież na planie kwadratu, zwieńczonych krenelażem, który zresztą był również na murach łączących wieże. Taka konstrukcja miała swoje konkretne, obronne cele i wynikała m.in. z techniki obrony przejścia umieszczonego w dwóch rzędach murów obronnych, w których odrębne bramy połączono dla skuteczniejszej obrony przed napastnikami. Poza tym pozwalało to lepiej kontrolować przybyszów przechodzących przez bramę. Brama Isztar oblicowana była glazurowaną cegłą w kolorze niebieskim. Na tym tle, widoczne jako dekoracja, rozmieszczone były wyobrażenia 575 zwierząt, które symbolizowały poszczególne bóstwa: węże-smoki – Marduka, byki – Adada i lwy – Isztar. Te reliefowe wyobrażenia zwierząt, które były wymodelowanymi cegłami glazurowanymi, miały określone barwy (żółte, zielone, białe i czerwone) i obramowane były pasami rozetek, które ciągnęły się także na dole murów oraz zdobiły sklepione przejścia. Same drzwi bramy i sklepienie były wykonane z drzewa cedrowego. Najstarsza część bramy, znajdująca się na samym dole, i która z czasem została zakryta przez podnoszący się poziom drogi, wykonana była ze zwykłej cegły palonej. Wskazuje to na etapy budowy bramy: najpierw cegła palona, później cegła emaliowana, a następnie cegła emaliowana reliefowa. Odtworzona z niezliczonych odłamków i zrekonstruowana ponownie w Berlinie w muzeum, udostępniona dla wszystkich zwiedzających dzięki cierpliwej, długotrwałej pracy archeologów.
: Data Publikacji.: 08-05-25
: Opis.: druga część: 1750 BCE: Elamite invasion and Amorite migration ends the Sumerian civilization. Cuneiform tablet with the Sumerian tale of The Deluge, dated to circa 1740 BCE, from the ruins of Nippur. From the permanent collection of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia. Text and photo © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone. Cuneiform tablet with the Sumerian tale of The Deluge, dated to circa 1740 BCE, from the ruins of Nippur. From the permanent collection of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia. Text and photo © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone. 1600 BCE – 1155 BCE: Kassite Period. 1595 BCE: King Agum-kakrime, aka Agum II, Kassite Kingdom. 1350 BCE – 1050 BCE: Middle Assyrian Period. A gypsum memorial slab from the Middle Assyrian Period (1300 - 1275 BCE) , findspot Kalah Shergat, Aššur. The inscription records the name, titles and conquests of King Adad-Nirari, his father Arik-den-ili, his grandfather Enlil-nirari, and his great-grandfather Ashur-uballit I. Memorializing the restoration of the Temple of Aššur in the city of Aššur, the text invokes curses upon the head of any king or other person who alters or defaces the monument. The artifact was purchased from the French Consul in Mosul in 1874 for £70, the British Museum notes reference Mr. George Smith and The Daily Telegraph with an acquisition date of 1874. Bezold, Carl, Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum, IV, London, BMP, 1896. Furlani, G, Il Sacrificio Nella Religione dei Semiti di Babilonia e Assiria, Rome, 1932. Rawlinson, Henry C; Smith, George, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, IV, London, 1861. Budge, E A W, A Guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian Antiquities., London, 1922. Budge, E A W, The Rise and Progress of Assyriology, London, Martin Hopkinson & Co, 1925. Grayson, Albert Kirk, Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia BC (to 1115 BC) , 1, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1987. http: //www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=32639001&objectId=283138&partId=1 A gypsum memorial slab from the Middle Assyrian Period (1300 – 1275 BCE) , findspot Kalah Shergat, Aššur. The inscription records the name, titles and conquests of King Adad-Nirari, his father Arik-den-ili, his grandfather Enlil-nirari, and his great-grandfather Ashur-uballit I. Memorializing the restoration of the Temple of Aššur in the city of Aššur, the text invokes curses upon the head of any king or other person who alters or defaces the monument. The artifact was purchased from the French Consul in Mosul in 1874 for £70, the British Museum notes reference Mr. George Smith and The Daily Telegraph with an acquisition date of 1874. Bezold, Carl, Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum, IV, London, BMP, 1896. Furlani, G, Il Sacrificio Nella Religione dei Semiti di Babilonia e Assiria, Rome, 1932. Rawlinson, Henry C; Smith, George, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, IV, London, 1861. Budge, E A W, A Guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian Antiquities., London, 1922. Budge, E A W, The Rise and Progress of Assyriology, London, Martin Hopkinson & Co, 1925. Grayson, Albert Kirk, Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia BC (to 1115 BC) , 1, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1987. http: //www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=32639001&objectId=283138&partId=1 1330 BCE – 1295 BCE: Reign of King Muršili II (Hittite Kingdom) . 1126 BCE – 1104 BCE: Reign of King Nebuchadnezzar I (Old Babylonian Period) . 1120 BCE: The Sumerian Enuma Elish (creation story) is written. Enuma Elish means “when above”, the two first words of the epic. This Babylonian creation story was discovered among the 26,000 clay tablets found by Austen Henry Layard in the 1840's at the ruins of Nineveh. Enuma Elish was made known to the public in 1875 by the Assyriologist George Adam Smith (1840-76) of the British Museum, who was also the discoverer of the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh. He made several of his findings on excavations in Nineveh. http: //www.creationmyths.org/enumaelish-babylonian-creation/enumaelish-babylonian-creation-3.htm Enuma Elish means “when above”, the two first words of the epic. This Babylonian creation story was discovered among the 26,000 clay tablets found by Austen Henry Layard in the 1840’s at the ruins of Nineveh. Enuma Elish was made known to the public in 1875 by the Assyriologist George Adam Smith (1840-76) of the British Museum, who was also the discoverer of the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh. He made several of his findings on excavations in Nineveh. http: //www.creationmyths.org/enumaelish-babylonian-creation/enumaelish-babylonian-creation-3.htm 930 BCE – 612 BCE: Neo-Assyrian Period. 884 BCE – 859 BCE: Reign of King Ashurnasirpal II. 860 BCE – 850 BCE: Reign of King Nabû-apla-iddina (Babylonian Period) . 858 BCE – 824 BCE: Reign of King Shalmaneser III. 854 BCE – 819 BCE: Reign of King Marduk-zākir-šumi (Babylonian Period) . 823 BCE – 811 BCE: Reign of King Shamsi-Adad V. 810 BCE – 783 BCE: Reign of King Adad-nirari III. 782 BCE – 773 BCE: Reign of King Shalmaneser IV. 772 BCE – 755 BCE: Reign of King Assur-dan III. Venus Tablet Of Ammisaduqa, 7th Century The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa (Enuma Anu Enlil Tablet 63) refers to a record of astronomical observations of Venus, as preserved in numerous cuneiform tablets dating from the first millennium BC. This astronomical record was first compiled during the reign of King Ammisaduqa (or Ammizaduga) , with the text dated to the mid-seventh century BCE. The tablet recorded the rise times of Venus and its first and last visibility on the horizon before or after sunrise and sunset in the form of lunar dates. Recorded for a period of 21 years, this Venus tablet is part of Enuma anu enlil ("In the days of Anu and Enlil") , a long text dealing with Babylonian astrology, which mostly consists of omens interpreting celestial phenomena. http: //fineartamerica.com/featured/2-venus-tablet-of-ammisaduqa-7th-century-science-source.html Venus Tablet Of Ammisaduqa, 7th Century The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa (Enuma Anu Enlil Tablet 63) refers to a record of astronomical observations of Venus, as preserved in numerous cuneiform tablets dating from the first millennium BC. This astronomical record was first compiled during the reign of King Ammisaduqa (or Ammizaduga) , with the text dated to the mid-seventh century BCE. The tablet recorded the rise times of Venus and its first and last visibility on the horizon before or after sunrise and sunset in the form of lunar dates. Recorded for a period of 21 years, this Venus tablet is part of Enuma anu enlil (“In the days of Anu and Enlil”) , a long text dealing with Babylonian astrology, which mostly consists of omens interpreting celestial phenomena. http: //fineartamerica.com/featured/2-venus-tablet-of-ammisaduqa-7th-century-science-source.html 754 BCE – 745 BCE: Reign of King Assur-nirari V. 744 BCE – 727 BCE: Reign of King Tiglath-Pileser III. 726 BCE – 722 BCE: Reign of King Shalmaneser V. 721 BCE – 705 BCE: Reign of King Sargon II. 704 BCE – 681 BCE: Reign of King Sennacherib. This stone water basin in the collection of the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin came from the forecourt of the Temple of Aššur at Assur. The sides are inscribed with images of Enki / Ea, the Mesopotamian god of wisdom and exorcism, and puradu-fish apkallu. The textual references on the basin refer to the Assyrian king Sennacherib. The Temple of Aššur was known as the Ešarra, or Temple of the Universe. The Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-Witchcraft Rituals online notes that water was rendered sacred for ritual purposes by leaving it exposed outside overnight, open to the stars and the purifying powers of the astral deities. The subterranean ocean, or apsû, was the abode of Enki / Ea, and the source of incantations, purification rites and demons, disease, and witchcraft. Adapted from text © by Daniel Schemer 2014, (CC BY-NC-ND license) . http: //www.cmawro.altorientalistik.uni-wuerzburg.de/magic_witchcraft/gods_stars/ https: //books.google.co.th/books?id=LSaeT9CloGIC& pg=PA19& lpg=PA19& dq=water+basin+assur+temple+assur+vorderasiatisches+Museum+Berlin& source=bl& ots=9fw1d16kjb& sig=4ufIF4Ev9MiZl1QUQ8Rv3QU_BZU& hl=en& sa=X& ved=0CB8Q6AEwAGoVChMIysSB25rYyAIVUFmOCh1G7QKS#v=onepage& q& f=false This stone water basin in the collection of the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin came from the forecourt of the Temple of Aššur at Assur. The sides are inscribed with images of Enki / Ea, the Mesopotamian god of wisdom and exorcism, and puradu-fish apkallu. The textual references on the basin refer to the Assyrian king Sennacherib. The Temple of Aššur was known as the Ešarra, or Temple of the Universe. The Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-Witchcraft Rituals online notes that water was rendered sacred for ritual purposes by leaving it exposed outside overnight, open to the stars and the purifying powers of the astral deities. The subterranean ocean, or apsû, was the abode of Enki / Ea, and the source of incantations, purification rites and demons, disease, and witchcraft. Adapted from text © by Daniel Schwemer 2014, (CC BY-NC-ND license) . http: //www.cmawro.altorientalistik.uni-wuerzburg.de/magic_witchcraft/gods_stars/ https: //books.google.co.th/books?id=LSaeT9CloGIC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=water+basin+assur+temple+assur+vorderasiatisches+Museum+Berlin&source=bl&ots=9fw1d16kjb&sig=4ufIF4Ev9MiZl1QUQ8Rv3QU_BZU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAGoVChMIysSB25rYyAIVUFmOCh1G7QKS#v=onepage&q&f=false 680 BCE – 669 BCE: Reign of King Esarhaddon. 668 BCE – 627 BCE: Reign of King Ashurbanipal. 626 BCE – 539 BCE: Neo-Babylonian Period. 625 BCE – 605 BCE: Reign of King Nabopolassar. 604 BCE – 562 BCE: Reign of King Nebuchadnezzar II. Astronomical Diary VAT 4956 in the collection of the Berlin Museum sets the precise date of the destruction of Jerusalem. This tablet details the positions of the moon and planets during the year 37 of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, which was 567 BCE. Jerusalem was destroyed in 586 BCE. http: //www.lavia.org/english/archivo/vat4956en.htm Astronomical Diary VAT 4956 in the collection of the Berlin Museum sets the precise date of the destruction of Jerusalem. This tablet details the positions of the moon and planets during the year 37 of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, which was 567 BCE. Jerusalem was destroyed in 586 BCE. http: //www.lavia.org/english/archivo/vat4956en.htm 561 BCE – 560 BCE: Reign of King Evil-Merodach. 559 BCE – 556 BCE: Reign of King Neriglissar. 556 BCE: Reign of King Labashi-Marduk. 555 BCE – 539 BCE: Reign of King Nabonidus. 550 BCE – 331 BCE: Achaemenid (Early Persian) Period. 538 BCE – 530 BCE: Reign of King Cyrus II. 529 BCE – 522 BCE: Reign of King Cambyses II. 522 BCE: Reign of King Bardiya. 522 BCE: Reign of King Nebuchadrezzar III. 521 BCE: Reign of King Nebuchadrezzar IV. 521 BCE – 486 BCE: Reign of King Darius I. 485 BCE – 465 BCE: Reign of King Xerxes I. 482 BCE: Reign of King Bel-shimanni. 482 BCE: Reign of King Shamash-eriba. 464 BCE – 424 BCE: Reign of King Artaxerxes. 424 BCE: Reign of King Xerxes II. 423 BCE – 405 BCE: Reign of King Darius II. 404 BCE – 359 BCE: Reign of King Artaxerxes II Memnon. 358 BCE – 338 BCE: Reign of King Artaxerxes III Ochus. 337 BCE – 336 BCE: Reign of King Arses. 336 BCE – 323 BCE: Reign of Alexander the Great (Greek Period, below) . 335 BCE – 331 BCE: Reign of King Darius III. 323 BCE – 63 BCE: Seleucid (Hellenistic) Period. 333 BCE – 312 BCE: Macedonian Dynasty. 281 BCE – 261 BCE: Reign of Antiochus I. Antiochus Cylinder BM36277 The Cylinder of Antiochus I Soter from the Ezida Temple in Borsippa (Antiochus Cylinder) is an historiographical text from ancient Babylonia, dated 268 BCE, that recounts the Seleucid crown prince Antiochus, the son of king Seleucus Nicator, rebuilding the Ezida Temple. Lenzi: “The opening lines read: “I am Antiochus, great king, strong king, king of the inhabited world, king of Babylon, king of the lands, the provider of Esagil and Ezida, foremost son of Seleucus, the king, the Macedonian, king of Babylon.” https: //therealsamizdat.com/category/alan-lenzi/ The cuneiform text itself (BM 36277) is now in the British Museum. The document is a barrel-shaped clay cylinder, which was buried in the foundations of the Ezida temple in Borsippa. The script of this cylinder is inscribed in archaic ceremonial Babylonian cuneiform script that was also used in the well-known Codex of Hammurabi and adopted in a number of royal inscriptions of Neo-Babylonian kings, including. Nabopolassar, Nebuchadnezzar and Nabonidus (cf. Berger 1973). The script is quite different from the cuneiform script that was used for chronicles, diaries, rituals, scientific and administrative texts. (Another late example is the Cyrus Cylinder, commemorating Cyrus’ capture of Babylon in 539 BCE (Schaudig 2001: 550-6) . This cylinder, however, was written in normal Neo-Babylonian script.) The Antiochus Cylinder was found by Hormuzd Rassam in 1880 in Ezida, the temple of the god Nabu in Borsippa, in what must have been its original position, “encased in some kiln-burnt bricks covered over with bitumen” in the “doorway” of Koldewey’s Room A1: probably this was built into the eastern section of the wall between A1 and Court A, since the men of Daud Thoma, the chief foreman, seem to have destroyed much of the brickwork at this point. Rassam (1897: 270) mistakenly records this as a cylinder of Nebuchadnezzar II (Reade 1986: 109) . The cylinder is now in the British Museum in London. (BM 36277) . http: //www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/antiochus_cylinder/antiochus_cylinder1.html This timeline is modified from an original on the ancient.eu site. I added links and illustrations, and tagged and categorized timeframes, which should bring up useful search results when surfing among the tags and categories at the bottom of the page. I also integrated chronological periods and a selected list of kings from Constance Ellen Gane’s Composite Beings in Neo-Babylonian Art, 2012, p. xxii – xxiii, and de-conflicted the entry for the Ur III Period, aka The Sumerian Renaissance, which Gane dates with more precision than the original. poprzednia część: > Timeline: Sumer.
: Data Publikacji.: 07-06-25
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